TOEddies Global Mesoscale Eddy Atlas Colocated with Argo Float Profiles
This dataset contains mesoscale eddies from the Ocean Eddy Detection and Tracking Algorithms (TOEddies) Atlas colocated with Argo profiling floats. Applied to daily gridded maps of satellite Absolute Dynamic Topography, TOEddies provides information on eddy dynamical characteristics (e.g., size and intensity) over a 30+ year period (1993–2023) and identifies complex eddy-eddy interactions that lead to eddy splitting and merging. Furthermore, these eddies are combined with 23 years of Argo profile co-located measurements (2000–2023), enabling investigation into the signature of eddies and their impact in the ocean interior. This dataset contains eddies detected across the entire geographical area covered by altimetric maps. Special caution is advised for studies focusing on eddies near the equator, where geostrophic balance breaks down, and at high latitudes, where the small Rossby radius limits detection capabilities in 1/4° altimetric fields. TOEddies, based on the method proposed and developed by Chaigneau et al. (2008, 2011) and Pegliasco et al. (2018), was first presented in Laxenaire et al. (2018) when applied to the South Atlantic Ocean. To date, approximately 20 peer-reviewed publications have employed the TOEddies algorithm (see Ioannou et al., Preprint 2024 for a recent list of some of them). Notably, mesoscale eddies from TOEddies, following Chaigneau et al. (2011), have been colocated with Argo floats, facilitating, for example, the identification of the transition from surface to subsurface intensified eddies (Laxenaire et al., 2019), the estimation of heat transport by eddies (Laxenaire et al., 2020), and the study of the impact of mesoscale eddies on Deep Chlorophyll Maxima with BGC Argo floats (Cornec et al., 2021). The V1 version of this dataset is described in detail in the appendix of Ioannou et al. (Preprint 2024) and compared to other eddy detection datasets in the core text of Ioannou et al. (Preprint 2024). Input Fields => Satellite Altimetry: Daily all-satellite sea surface height fields produced by Copernicus Marine Service (https://marine.copernicus.eu/fr). This multi-satellite product integrates data from all available satellites at a given time and is projected onto a fixed grid with a resolution of 0.25°, covering the global ocean (version: cmems_obs-sl_glo_phy-ssh_my_allsat-l4-duacs-0.25deg_P1D, DOI:10.48670/moi-00148). Argo Floats: Argo float profile data and positions were retrieved from the Ifremer FTP (Argo, 2024; DOI:10.17882/42182). See Detection eddies repository for technical guidance on this dataset.
Data and resources
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Position of extrema, outermost contours, and maximum speed contours for instantaneous eddies, globally, from January 1st, 1993 to May 31st, 2023 - 57 GBTAR Open
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Abstract graph of segments for anticyclones - 221 MBHTML Open
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Abstract graph of segments for cyclones - 236 MBHTML Open
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Trajectories as lists of instantaneous eddies, for anticyclones - 303 MBJSON Open
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Trajectories as lists of instantaneous eddies, for cyclones - 323 MBJSON Open
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Trajectories as lists of segments, for anticyclones - 26 MBJSON Open
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Trajectories as lists of segments, for cyclones - 27 MBJSON Open
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Trajectories as lists of vertex indices in the graph, for anticyclones - 22 MBJSON Open
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Trajectories as lists of vertex indices in the graph, for cyclones - 23 MBJSON Open
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Argo profiles information and colocation with the closest anticyclonic eddy - 533 MBCSV Open
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Argo profiles information and colocation with the closest cyclonic eddy - 540 MBCSV Open
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HTML Open
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HTML Open
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HTML Open
Additional information
| Temporal extent | 1993-01-01 – 2023-05-31 |
|---|---|
| Date (publication) | 2024-10-01 |
| Date (revision) | 2026-03-12 |
| Status | onGoing |
| Update frequency | asNeeded |
| Metadata language | en |
| License | CC-BY-NC (Creative Commons - Attribution, No commercial usage) |
| Source metadata | ISO 19115 XML |
| Last updated | 2026-11-04 |
| Created | 2026-11-04 |
| API | package_show |